Class 12 English Unit 2: Familiy by Alan John Barnard Complete Guidelines for ALL Ecercises Langauge Development Section

 

Unit: 2 Reading: ‘Family’ by Alan John Barnard

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRDWkuPJL3s

Reflection of the Essay

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5xtQ-GVklY&t=139s (due to/ because of)

Commonly, a family consists of two married adults with their offspring who live in a private which is known as a nuclear family. but a family with parents, their unmarried children, married children with their spouses, their offspring, and possibly elderly dependents is called an extended family. Family provides for emotional and psychological security, a valuable social and political function by institutionalizing reproduction with guidelines, particularly through warmth, love, and companionship. The family additionally provides socially beneficial functions such as rearing and socialization of children with humanitarian activities that care for its members when they are sick or disabled. On the economic side, the family provides food, shelter, clothing, and physical security for its members, some of whom may be too young or too old.

Historically, in most cultures, the family was patriarchal, or male-dominated. Hebrew family, the best example of a male-dominated family where the male heads of the clans and was allowed to have several wives as well as concubines. But, the Roman family was also male-dominated but polygamy was not practiced and the women's status was better than in the Hebrew family and which was an extended family. The most common factors that bring change in a family are industrialization and urbanization. They also changed their life style including the occupation they did. Many unmarried youths went to the city for a job that split the extended family. The modern family started to provide equal status to both sexes and both of them can play a major role in the family. The household chores and caring for children were shared. Marriage became legally a personal affair, there could be children out of wedlock.

But such affairs resulted in more one-parent children in society and increase the divorce rate. Family laws differ from one culture to another. Some laws include individual rights, the code of marriage, the status of children, and the succession of property to the next generation. The marriage rule in modern times includes the guardianship of the bride that lost the women’s identity after marriage. But, exceptionally, Muslim women have control of their personal property. The dowry given to the groom is the compensation for her dependency which is found in many countries but not in many industrial societies. However, modern marriage is an intentional union of a man and a woman. The revolutionary women's movement of the 19^th and 20^th centuries brought a drastic change in marriage establishing equality among spouses mostly in western societies. The challenges faced by family law in the 21^st century are same sex-marriage, divorce, and non-traditional families.

Many older systems had the unilateral divorce system usually the male but modern systems recognize a mutual request for divorce. The care of children after divorce certainly goes to the father. Many societies have started to protect children’s rights with certain kinds of rearing. Family law intervenes in private lives with the best regard to compulsory education for children. The legislation also prohibits child labor and child abuse. Most legal systems of family law deal with the division of property left by the deceased family member. The property will be given to the wished one of the deceased persons but the offspring may claim it if it is found unreasonable or inequitable provisions.

Working with words

Across

A.   Find the words from the text the have similar meanings.

1.     Polygamy - the custom of having more than one wife at the same time

5.     Reconcile - to find an acceptable way of dealing with opposing ideas, needs, etc.

5.     Urbanization - the process in which towns, streets, etc. are built where there was once countryside

5.     Socialization - the process by which somebody learns to behave acceptably in their society

Down

1.     Patriarchy - ruled or controlled by men

2.     Domination - the act of taking over a position

3.     Blatant - done in a way without caring if people are shocked

4.     Lone-parent - single-parent

B.    Find the meanings of the following family-related words and use them in your sentences. (page 12)

a.      Nuclear family = family group that consists of parents and their children

b.     Monogamy = the practice of married one person at a time

c.      Sibling-in-law = brother-in-law or sister-in-law

d.     Milk kinship = practice of breastfeeding a child either from the same community or neighboring one

e.      Matrilineal = based on kinship with the mother or the female line

f.       Nepotism = the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives, friends, or associates, especially by giving them jobs.

g.     Maternity = the period during pregnancy and shortly after childbirth

C.    The following words are from the above text. Each word has two parts polygamy, unmarried, nontraditional, dissolution, inequitable

Here, poly, un, non, dis, and in are prefixes. They make new words when they are added to the beginning of other root words.

Make at least five words using the prefixes given. Consult a dictionary to learn how they change the meaning of root words: 

pre-, semi-, sub-, mis-, mono-, un-, in-, inter-.

a.      pre – preposition, precaution, previews, presumed, prehistory

b.     Semi- semicircle, semi-final, semicolon, semiabstract, semi acid

c.      Sub- subconscious, subordinate, submission, sub-metro, sub –Inspector

d.     Mis- a misconception, misconnect, misunderstand, miscall, mismatch

e.      Mono- monopoly, monochrome, monoplane, monogamy, monorail

f.       Un- unhappy, unimportant, unhealthy, unemployment, untouchability

g.     In- infertile, independent, informal, infant, injustice

h.     Inter- intermission, international, interacts, interlock, interchange

 Comprehension

A.   The headings of the first five paragraphs of the above text are given below. Write the paragraph number next to them.

a. Patriarchal family - 3

b. Functions of the family - 2

c. Modern model of family - 5

d. Effects of industrialization on family structure - 4

e. Defining family - 1

B.    Answer the following questions. (page 13)  Answers only

a.      The nuclear type of family is thought to be the oldest form of the family.

b. The family provides emotional and psychological security to its members, particularly through the warmth, love, and companionship generated while living together in the family. Besides these, the family also provides social and political support, as well as humanitarian activities, to its members.

c.      The features of medieval European families were a male-dominated society and it was an extended family.

d.     Many people, particularly unmarried young left the farms and went to urban areas to do industrial work to earn money, which caused the dissolution of extended families in the West.

e.  After the Industrial Revolution, some changes emerged in gender roles in the modern family. The changes are mentioned below:

                         i.     Patriarchal rule started to give way to greater equality between males and       females.

                       ii.    The rising levels of divorce led to an increase in the number of one-parent    families.

f.  Family law differs from one culture to another. Mostly, it includes legal relationships among family members, including society, some parameters of marriage, the status of children and the succession of property from one generation to another.

g. Modern marriage is bestdescribed as a voluntary union, usually between a man and a woman.

h.     Special family courts try to deal more fairly with sensitive issues such as custody of children because the issue of children poses special problems for family law.

i.       The legislation on child labour and child abuse declares compulsory education for every child and also asserts society’s responsibility for a child’s interests.

j.       Most legal systems have some means of dealing with the division of property left by a deceased family member.

 

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