Class 12 English Unit 19: Dediasporisation: Homeland and Hostland Langugae Development Section

Link:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awPKGBzCcXY

Unit 19 Dediasporization: Homeland and Hostland  

by Michel S. Laguerre ( page 160)

Reflection of the text

International migration literature typically focuses on three aspects: forward motion, which focuses on the causes and consequences of migration, the incorporation of migrants into new social formations, and the establishment of diasporic communities. However, little attention has been given to the multidimensionality of the dediasporization phenomenon. This phenomenon shapes both homeland and hostland policies and is an aspect of globalization.

Dediasporization can occur in both sending and receiving countries, clarifying both homeland and hostland identities, and the parameters of diasporic identity. It is defined as the process of reacquiring homeland citizenship by returning to the sending country, affects generational assimilation in the host state, or reinscribes himself or herself in the transnational circuit of the transition state.

It can occur in three distinct locales: the homeland, the hostland, and the translocal arena of the transition-state. In practice, a diasporan cannot dediasporize themselves without going through formal state procedures to reacquire nationality and citizenship.

The state intervenes in the process to assure itself of the eligibility of a person to regain state citizenship, often inserted in the constitution or special laws. States that consider their diasporas still to be citizens have less elaborate procedures to validate one's citizenship after one's return to the homeland, On the other, states that do not approve of the concept of "once a subject, always a subject" have more complicated procedures to regain citizenship. Regaining citizenship varies depending on factors such as residency, resignation of citizenship, and legal status upon return.

The level of citizenship of a state can advise an individual varies, such as full citizenship in Israel, limited citizenship but barred from seeking the presidency in Haiti, or the acquisition of nationality but not citizenship in Mexico. The integration of citizens into society depends on the state's delivery of legal legitimacy, which recognizes the diasporan by society through social practices. This distinction between the group and the rest of society is a difficult test for the diasporan to pass.

Dediasporized citizens often form their own groups, maintain contact, speak a foreign language, maintain manners acquired abroad, and participate in transnational circuits. The state plays a central role in revealing the identity of the state by preventing dediasporization. This preventive policy leads to the establishment of a diaspora zone, revealing the identity of the state and the diaspora through negotiation between the hostland and the homeland. The capacity for dediasporization is not just a state affair but also falls under the domain of the individual who must act to pursue this option.

The maintenance of a diaspora status depends on the individual or community's ability to maintain two types of autonomy:

a.      vis-à-vis the hostland, to prevent full assimilation and a lack of cultural specificity, and

b.     vis-à-vis the homeland, to freely select its strategies of integration and criteria of identification and socialization.

Dediasporization implies that the individual or group has forgone its ability to maintain its distance and has lost its active diaspora status.

Working with words

A.   Find the words from the text that have the following meanings. The first letter of the word has been given.

a.       Sojourners -  a person who resides temporarily in a place

b.      Transnational -  existing in or involving different countries

c.       Remittance -  a sum of money sent in payment or as a gift

d.      Assimilation -  the process of allowing somebody to become a part of a country or community

e.       Misnomer -  a name or a word that is not appropriate or accurate

f.        Confer -  to give somebody an award or a particular honour or right

g.      Dormant -  not active or growing now but able to become active

h.      Persecution -  the act of treating somebody in a cruel and unfair way

B.    Consonant sounds (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nI9BL4AB5Y0  )

a.      A consonant sound is one in which the air flow is cut off, either partially or completely, when the sound is produced. There are twenty-four consonants in English. They are given in the table below. The representing letters are underlined below.

Sound                 Examples              Sound                   Examples

/p/                       pair, cup               /ʃ/                         shape, push

/b/                       bad, crab              /ʒ/                         pleasure, beige

/t/                       tall, hit                   /h/                         hear, ahead

/d/                       dark, head             /tʃ/                        cherry, match

 /k/                    cab, lack                /dʒ/                       judge, raj

/ ɡ/                      good, tag               /m/                        man, team

/f/                       fine, wife               /n/                         nail, tan

/v/                       very, above           / ŋ/                        ring, singer

/θ/                       thing, both            /l/                          let, tall

/ð/                       this, father             /r/                          right, scary

/s/                       saw, house            /w/                        wet, away

/z/                       zap, goes               /j/                          you, young

b.     Pronounce the following words. What sounds do the underlined letter(s) represent?

Ribbon /b/                       filled /d/                phone /f/                often /f/

Ghost /ɡ/                         who /w/                 back /k/                 edge /dʒ/

Jellyfish / dʒ &/ʃ/            Christmas /k/        acclaim /k/            spell /l/

summer /m/                     Sink /ŋ/                 tongue / ŋ/             happy/p/  

wrong /r/                          Sun /s/                  batter /t/                five/v/

why /w/                           yellow /j/               treasure /ʒ/             cheese/tʃ/  

shark / ʃ/                         thief //θ/                feather /ð/  

c.      The vocal cords vibrate while producing voiced sounds. The initial sound /dʒ/ in jam is a voiced sound. The vocal cords do not vibrate while producing voiceless sounds. The initial sound /p/ is a voiceless sound. Pronounce the sounds in the above chart. While pronouncing, notice whether the vocal cords vibrate or not and categorize them into voiced and voiceless sounds.

Voiced Consonant Sounds: / b, d, ɡ, dӠ, v, ð, z, Ӡ, m, n, l, ŋ, r, w, j / (nos.15)

Voiceless Consonant Sounds: /p, t, k, t∫, ∫, ƒ, θ, s, h / (no.9).

Voiced	Voiceless
Ribbon, filled, ghost, who, edge, jellyfish, spell, summer, sink, tongue, wrong, why, yellow, treasure, feather, five	Phone, often, back, Christmas, acclaim, happy, sun, batter, five, cheese, shark,

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPOjASQau2s)

C.    Write the number of syllables and mark the stressed syllable of the following words. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vu6UVwkUgzc)

Word	Stressed	Syllables
certificate	cer-'tif-i-cate	4 syllables
holiday	'hol-i-day	3 syllables
zoology	zo-'ol-o-gy	4 syllables
photographic	pho-to-'gra-phy	4 syllables
geography	ge-'og-ra-phy	4 syllables
curiosity	cu-ri-'os-i-ty	5 syllables
mechanically	me-'chan-ic-a-lly	5 syllables
characteristics	cha-rek-te-'rist-iks	5 syllables
examination	ex-am-i-'na-tion	5 syllables
negotiation	ne-go-ti-'a-tion	5 syllables
paraphrase	'par-a-phrase	3 syllables
paradoxically	par-a-'doks-i-cally	6 syllables
territoriality	te-rri-to-ri-'a-li-ty	7 syllables

                        A nice cake / an ice cake

Comprehension

A.   Match the first halves of the sentences (a-g) with their second halves (i-vii). Write the numbers in the box. One has been done as an example. (Write number only in column B.)

Answer:

Column A	Column B
a.      The term assimilation has been used	iii. as an analytical tool in the study of integration of the migrants
b.     It is essential to study the process of diasporization	v. in order to understand the description of immigration.
c.      The definition of dediasporization	vii. focuses only on the aspect of relocating migrants to their homelands.
d.     The dediasporization process for migrants who have not given up their native citizenship	vi. requires them only to return to their homeland.
e.      Some countries grant full citizenship to the returnees	iv. while some countries bar them from certain rights.
f.       It is surprising that	i.        in some countries the returnees are referred as diaspora.
g.     The role of a state in dediasporization	ii. reveals its identity.

B.    Answer the following questions.

a.      According to the author, what are the three aspects of migration?

According to the author, the here aspects of migration are forward movement, migrants themselves, and the backward movement.

b.     Which aspect of migration is neglected by the researchers?

Multidimensional nature of the dediasporization process is neglected by the researchers.

c.      What is ‘dediasporization’?

Dediasporization is a process of returning to our home country, assimilation in the host state or joining the transnational-state when we leave our country.

d.     Why is the role of the state important in dediasporization?

The role of the state is important in dediasporization because it makes sure that person is eligible to become a citizen again with all rights and responsibilities by the help of the state’s rule.

e.      How is Chinese diaspora in the Caribbean different from others?

Chinese diaspora in the Caribbean is different from others because the native people consider them as outsiders instead of their century settlement in that place.

f.       Why is it difficult to regain citizenship after returning to the homeland?

It is difficult to regain citizenship after returning to the homeland because it depends on the state’s decision in providing legal validity to citizens. Some countries make their citizen abdication their citizenship when they leave the state or country.

g.     What do the German feel towards the returnees from Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan?

The German feel quite alienated towards those who return from Russia, Kazakhatan and Uzbekistan.

h.     How are the returnees’ activities in Israel different from that of other countries?

The returnees’ activities in Israel are different from that of other countries because they confirm full citizenship, form their political parties and advocate rights to other people of the country.

i.       What is the role of the individual in dediasporization?

The role of the individual in dediasporization is very important because dediasporization depends on the individual to integrate with the local people, maintain their nationality and participate in the process of nation-building. 

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