Nouns and Pronuns BBS 1st Year Business English

 

Nouns

Click for Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbfyB6fIxMg

A noun is not only the name of a person, place or thing but it refers to others as well.  Examples:

a.      John is a businessman. (Person)                 c. He is from the USA. ( Place)

a.      She sold her share. ( thing)                

b.     He scored ten runs in the match. (Grammatical category)

There are mainly two groups of nouns but there are others as well. They are proper nouns and common nouns.

A.    Proper nouns (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4i3qDK3hDY) is a nouns given to somebody, something or someplace. Examples: Laxmi, Sony TV, Bagmati, Kathmandu. Proper nouns are always capitalized Examples: Donald Trump, Samsung Mobile, and Bombay. There are three types of proper nouns i.e. common noun, concrete noun and abstract noun.

B.     A common noun (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4i3qDK3hDY) is a noun given to a general class of persons, places, things etc. They are not capitalized in sentences. Examples: trainees, intern, house, company, applicants, computer. There are three classes of common nouns.

a.      The concrete noun is identified with the sense of organs (see, smell, touch, taste, hear). Examples: instructor, mango, pebble, bus, caste, etc.

b.      Abstract nouns that identify ideas, feelings, emotions, quality Examples: prosperity, courage, affection, surprise, anger, etc.

c.       A collective noun is used for a group of people or things. Generally, a collective noun is used in a sentence as a singular noun. Examples: committee, faculty, department, team, family, etc. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipxoZ3-OTCw)

C.    Compound Nouns (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgZcwNRBA2o): This noun is formed with two or more two words but identifies one person, place, or thing. It may be hyphenated. Examples: counseling department, self-disciplined, board of directors. A compound noun can be of three classes.

a.     A concrete noun can be seen and touched such as a bulletin board, board member, or mother-in-law.

b.     An abstract noun can be felt such as self-esteem, common sense, well-being, and life cycle.

c.      A collective noun is a group noun such as  garden club, board of directors, administrative staff

Plural forms of nouns are formed with suffix ‘–s/es’ that refers to person, place or thing. Plural nouns can be formed with varieties of ways such as computer + s = computers, wife + s = wives, ox + en= oxen Mouse + s = Mice, sheep + s = sheep, datum + s = data.

Possessive Forms of Nouns

A noun that shows possession or ownership is called a possessive noun. It is formed by adding the suffix s/es or apostrophe (‘s ) to the noun. Some general guidelines to form possessive nouns are:

Video of Suffix s/es: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOUKp_gzgBk

a.      The noun does not end with an ‘s’ or a ‘z’ sound is formed by adding apostrophes such as Receptionist’s desk, Manager’s chamber

b.     Noun ends with an ‘s’ or ‘t’ takes an apostrophe after them Examples: Dickens’ book, Basnet’s house (an ‘s’ sound is formed)

c.      Plural noun ends with an ‘s’ or a ‘z’ sound is formed by adding apostrophe such as teachers’ lockers’, actors’ association

d.     A compound noun is formed by adding an apostrophe or apostrophe ‘s’ after the final word such as sergeant–at–arm’s itinerary, general Managers’ budgets

e.      To form possessive for two or more people share ownership, an apostrophe or apostrophe ‘s’ is added to the final name such as Sagar and Saugat’s Company

f.       Possession for two or more people showing their ownership is formed by adding an apostrophe or apostrophe ‘s’ to each noun such as Sagar’s and Saugat’s (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc5quu-Ma7U)

Pronouns

Pronoun (https://youtu.be/ztvx-TxHwj0) is a word used in place of nouns such as I, we, you, he, she, the boy, the man etc. A pronoun can be of seven types: Personal, Relative, Interrogative, Indefinite, Demonstrative, Reflexive and Intensive.

A.   Personal Pronoun: a substitute word for a noun referring to a specific person or thing. It can be in three cases such as subjective (Nominative), possessive and objective.

a.      Nominative Case (Subjective): It is used if the pronoun functions as a subject. Singular personal pronouns, in this case, are I, you, he, she and it. Plural personal pronouns in this case are we, you, and they. The nominative case is used if the pronoun follows a linking verb. Examples:

                         i.            I will attend the opening ceremony of a new company. ( Sub. Case)

                ii.    When we close an office, new clients will arrive there. (Sub of dependent Clause)

                    iii.         It was they who surveyed the property. ( it- sub, they – follows linking verb)

b.     Possessive Case: It is used if the pronoun shows possession or ownership. Singular possessive pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, it etc. Plural possessive pronouns are our, ours, your, their etc. Examples:

                               i.            Her scooter was insured last year. ( shows whose scooter)

                             ii.            What are your plans for new clients? ( shows whose plans)

                          iii.            If the post is not yours, it must be hers. ( shows whose post)

c.      Objective case: It is used if the pronoun functions as an object in a sentence. Singular pronouns in the objective case are me, you, him, her, and it. Plural pronouns in the objective case are us, you, and them. Examples:

                               i.            They appointed me to the vacant post. (direct obj.)

                             ii.            The invitation was sent to her. ( obj. of a preposition)

                          iii.            When we saw them, they were packaging goods. (direct obj. of clause)

B.    Relative Pronoun: joins the group of words using who, whom, whose, which and that who (sub.), whom (obj.) and whose (poss.) are used for person. Which or that is used for objects or things. Examples:

a.      The salesman who sells more will get incentives. ( sub. –person)

b.     She does not know whom her boss promoted last year. (obj.-person)

c.      In case of disagreement, whose instruction will be followed ? (poss.-person) 

d.     The good which was recently produced got demand in the market. ( which – thing)

C.    Interrogative Pronoun: always asks questions using who, whose, whom. Which and what Pronouns proceed verbs in question that can function as the subject, object, modifiers, or subject complement. Examples: 

a.      Who inaugurated the opening ceremony? (sub.)

b.     Whose record file was left on the table? ( modifier)

c.      Whom do you think the Manager will call for work? ( obj.)

d.     Which worker finished the order first? (modifier)

e.      What was the reason for transferring him to the city? ( sub. complement)

D.   Indefinite Pronoun: is used to make a general statement about individuals or things that include pronouns such as each, anyone, one, several, both, many, everyone and nobody. Examples:

a.      Each branch manager is invited to a meeting with General Manager.

b.     Did anyone apply for the vacant post?

c.      One of the employees has been sent for a field visit.

d.     None of the documents was mailed on time yesterday.

E.    Demonstrative Pronoun: is used to point out a specific person, place or thing using this, these, that and those. Examples:

a.      This budget will be implemented for repairing the building.

b.     These documents have been recently received through email.

c.      Is that the best way of solving our problem?

F.     Compound Personal Pronouns (Reflexive & Intensive Pronoun): Compound personal pronoun has a suffix such as self/selves. It can be of reflexive or intensive pronoun. Reflexive pronoun reflects the action of the verb to subject or noun. An intensive pronoun is used for emphasis Examples:

a.      The CEO himself welcomed all the personnel. (intensive- emphasizes a noun)

b.     She will present the documents herself. (intensive-emphasizes a noun)

c.      Workers demand themselves increment in their salary. (reflexive – refers to the subject, a noun)  

 

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