Grammar, Verb Types and Verb Tense BBS 1st Year Business English
Unit 1: Grammar and Writing Mechanics
Click for Video: (https://youtu.be/Drv6jD8xWdw)
Grammar
Grammar is the whole system and structure of a language or languages in general. It is the study of words, how they are used in sentences, and how they change in different situations. Grammar classifies many words into parts of speech and finds out the rules on their correct use (subject, predicate, complement). It also identifies the syntactic role played by a word or phrase in the context of a particular clause or sentence. Grammar clarifies acceptable and unacceptable sentences
Examples:
Column A Column B
a. He came to my house at noon. i. He came my house at noon.
b. She went up the stairs in a hurry. ii. She went the stairs up in a hurry.
c. The paper was full of mistakes. iii. The paper was full mistakes.
The sentences under column A are correct and acceptable but sentences under B are not correct and acceptable according to the grammar rules.
Verbs and Verb Types
A verb expresses an action completed by an agent or a state of being. It is the most important part of speech in a sentence. Every complete sentence has a verb and sentences such as compound, complex and compound-complex sentences may have more verbs
Verb Types (https://youtu.be/uAESTxGPvM8 ): Sentences are constructed using two types of verbs. First, the action verb expresses an act such as create, invest, lose, organize, negotiate, praise, and buy. Examples:
a. The Manager checks his e-mail twice a day. b. The company liquidated its assets.
Second, a state-of-being verb that expresses five senses such as hear, smell, see, taste and touch. Other state-of-being verbs include such as is, am, are, was, were, seem, appear, will be and have been. It is also called a linking verb that joins one part of a sentence to another. Examples:
a. The building repair will be completed in July.
b. Apple company is the most advanced company in the world.
Verb Tense
Verb tense indicates the aspect of time the action occurs. It also refers to when action in a sentence takes place whether it happened in past, is happening in present, or will happen in future. Tense is a category that expresses time reference that is usually shown by the use of specific forms of verbs. There are twelve verb tenses in English
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Present Tense |
Past Tense |
Future Tense |
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Present Simple |
Past Simple |
Future Simple |
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Present Progressive |
Past Progressive |
Future Progressive |
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Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
Future Perfect |
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Present Perf. Continuous |
Past Perf. Continuous |
Future Perf. Continuous |
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Structures of Twelve Verb Tenses |
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Present Simple - Sub. + Verb –s/es + object / complement |
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Present Progressive – Sub. + be verbs(is, am & are) + verb-ing ….. |
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Present Perfect – Sub. + has / have + past participle(verb-ed/en )….. |
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Present Perf. Continuous - Sub. + has/ have + been + verb-ing….. |
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Past Simple – Sub. + past verb + object / complement |
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Past Continuous – Sub. + be verbs (was/ were) + verb-ing…… |
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Past Perfect – Sub. + had been + past participle(verb-ed/en )….. |
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Past Perfect Cont. – Sub. + had been + verb-ing…… |
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Future Simple – Sub. + auxiliary (shall / will) + verb + obj./comp. |
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Future Continuous – Sub. + shall / will + be + verb-ing…… |
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Future Perfect–Sub. + shall / will + have + past participle(verb-ed/en )….. |
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Future Perf. Cont. – Sub. + shall/ will + have + been + verb-ing…… |
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Verb tense can be of six types. (https://youtu.be/hk4MjcRdTgc ). These six verb tenses can be categorized into two groups.
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Simple Tense |
Perfect Tense |
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• Present Tense |
• Present Perfect Tense |
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• Past tense |
• Past Perfect Tense |
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• Future Tense |
• Future Perfect Tense |
· Simple Tense: It describes the action we do in present, past or maybe in future. It can be of three types: Present, Past and Future. Present Tense uses the action verbs that complete present action and always, never, seldom, ever, usually, regularly, daily, every day, twice a day etc. are time adverbials for a present tense but now, at present, at moment, still are for progressive tense. Examples: (Sub + verb/ verb –s/es …..Sub +be verbs (is/ am/ are)+ verb-ing…..)
a. Photocopy machines facilitate communication.
b. She checks her emails twice a day.
c. Arjun is hiring an assistant for his office.
d. The Managing Director is addressing the meeting at present.
· Past Tense indicates the action that has been completed. In this tense, verbs can be inflected with –d, –ed and they can be regular such as looked, wanted, passed or irregular like saw, caught, and put. Time adverbials are yesterday, ago, in 2015, last day etc. Examples: (Sub + past verb + obj/ comp)
a. Jenish started a new business. (regular verb)
b. The receptionist received the calls last night.
c. Jenish spoke to workers. (Irregular verb)
d. When I saw her, she was packaging the goods.
e. Consumers had a high demand for edible items a week ago.
f. I saw her while she was packaging the goods. (Simple past + Past Continuous)
g. When she opened her office room, she saw a computer on the floor.
· Future Tense describes the actions that are expected to occur in the future time. Generally, it uses auxiliary verbs like shall/ will. Tomorrow, tonight, next day etc. are time adverbials of this tense.
Examples: (Sub + shall / will + verb + obj/comp)
a. The company will hold a picnic for staff next week.
b. Christine will send a copy of the documents tomorrow.
c. We shall write an application to the Manager.
d. They are going to advertise for the post of supervisor soon. ( Going to Future)
e. A new company is going to establish in our area soon.
· Perfect Tense describes the action that has recently been completed at the time of speaking. This tense requires a ‘have’ verb with a past participle (third no. of a verb). It can be present perfect, past perfect and future perfect.
§ Present Perfect Tense describes the action that started in past but is completed in present. So, the effect of the action is seen at present time. It is used to express the experiences of a person. Already, just, not…yet, recently, lately, currently are time adverbials of this tense. (https://youtu.be/4PAPdRHXnnA ) Examples: (Sub + has / have + past participle + obj / comp)
a. She has just appointed some workers. They are in the office.
b. The secretary has already typed the letters. It is ready for the mail.
c. This is the first time I have ever addressed a virtual meeting. (Experience)
d. He has not received the mail yet.
e. She has started to work in our company since Sunday.
f. The Secretory has stayed here for three days.
§ Past Perfect Tense describes the action completed before any other action. This tense requires had + PP to form sentences. Examples: (Sub + had + past participle + obj / comp)
a. Mr Subedi had served as the spokesperson of a company before his retirement. ( 1st action- serving as spokesperson, 2nd action – getting retirement)
b. The CEO had written letters to the stockholders before the merger.
c. When I reached their office, they had already closed it. ( 1st action ‘closing office’ – Past perf. / 2nd action ‘reaching office’ – Simple past)
§ Future Perfect Tense describes the action that will be completed before a stated time in the future. This tense requires ‘shall/will + have + PP’ to form sentences. By / before+ point of time, in + period are time adverbials of this tense. Examples: (Sub + shall/ will + have + past participle……. )
a. They will have started meeting by 7 am tomorrow. (by + point of time)
b. She will have moved into our new apartment in ten days. (in + period)
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